Very detailed video about blood pressure and it's effects on our body. Very dangerous risk potential.
Showing posts with label blood. Show all posts
Showing posts with label blood. Show all posts
composition of blood
Plasma and blood cells. Composition of plasma: electrolytes, organic molecules. Coelomic fluid differ in composition from that of circulatory fluids. Proteins in plasma and vertebrates and cephalopod mollusks have high plasma protein concentrations. Proteins is very important in osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure due to proteins in called as colloid osmotic pressure.
- immunglobulins
- serum and plasma
- the source of plasma components
blood in vertebrates
in vertebrate animals, the circulating blogg fluid, is kept within a closed circulating system, whereas hemolymph is circulating fluid of animals with open circulator system, for example insect.
the coelomic fluid of some invertebrates also has a circulatorry role instead of blood. the function of blood, respiratory pigments in blood, transport of nutrients, circulate hormones, blood clotting immnune responses. Phagocytosis of dead cellls and foreing materials. Important pH buffer system, constituents of blood can confer antifreeze properties. Heat exchange.
In animals having open circulatory system, the blood volume is only a fraction of the extracellular fluid volume but blood volume is only a fraction of the extracellullar volume for animals with a closed circulatory system.
Blood
Not all blood is red. We are so accustomed to the idea that blood is red
that some of us are surprised to learn that it comes in other colors. It is
true that all animals with backbones have red blood -- mammals,
birds, turtles, snakes, frogs, salamanders and fish. However, among
lower animals we find blood that is colorless, blue or green -- as well
as a few with red blood.
If an animal is large enough to be seen with the naked eye, it is almost
certain to have some sort of a circulatory system. Usually, this is a
plumbing system with pipes, valves and pumps which brings
nourishment and oxygen to the living cells of the animal's body and
carries away waste products. The fluid flowing in this plumbing
system is blood. In man and the higher animals this blood stream is
completely enclosed in the heart, arteries, veins and their smaller
branches. That is called a closed circulatory system.
Many lower animals, in contrast, have an open circulatory system in
which blood fills the body spaces and bathes the living tissues directly.
A few lower forms of animal life, although quite large, have no blood
at all. The sponge, for example, instead of blood, circulates water
through a network of small canals. The living parts of a jellyfish are in
a thin outer layer in close contact with the water while its inner jelly is
practically lifeless.
An insect has a simple tubular heart which pumps the blood forward
into the head. From there it flows around the internal organs, through
the legs and other appendages, then back into a central pool, or blood
sinus, in which the heart lies. In many naked caterpillars with a
transparent streak down the back, this pulsating heart can be seen just
beneath the surface, and, under a microscope, the blood corpuscles as
they rush into the heart each time the valves along its sides open. In
insects which squirm or wriggle, the blood and the internal organs
surge back and forth with every movement.
Insects are exceptional. Their blood furnishes little or no oxygen to the
living tissues. Instead, they have many-branched ducts opening to the
outside, called a tracheal system, which carry air directly to every part
of the body.
The blood of all higher animals, from man down to fish, is made up
largely of red blood cells whose principal work is to carry oxygen from
the lungs or gills throughout the body. These red blood cells contain
hemoglobin -- a protein with an atom of iron in each of its large
molecules -- which is able to pick up or release large amounts of
oxygen readily. Such blood is bright red when it leaves the lungs or
gills and is dark purplish red when it returns after giving up its
oxygen. Some lower animals such as earthworms, pond snails, land
snails, water fleas and midge larvae also have red blood. In these the
hemoglobin is not in blood corpuscles but is dissolved in the blood
liquids.
Many other lower animals carry oxygen in their blood stream by
means of a dissolved substance called hemocyanin which is blue. At
least it is blue when it is oxygenated, but colorless after the oxygen is
released. Hemocyanin is much like hemoglobin except that the iron
atom in the protein molecule is replaced by one of copper. The lobster,
crab, crayfish, scorpion, octopus, squid, clam and mussel all have this
blue blood. A few marine worms have green blood.
The blood stream of all kinds of animals has a variety of free-floating
or creeping cells much like the white blood cells in our own blood.
Among other tasks, these devour bacteria, foreign substances and bits
of dead tissue.
blood pressure
What is high blood pressure?
Blood pressure is really important for all of us. to know more about Blood pressure please imagine that arteries are pipes that carry blood from heart to the rest of the body. their main function is this. So if there is high blood pressure (also called hypertension) occurs when blood moves through the arteries at a higher pressure than normal. It depends on lots of different factors. And it is possible to cure this healty conditions.
blood plasma
A. Proteins
B. Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances
C. Nutrients
D. Gases
E. Electrolytes
Blood Cell Formation :
A. Hemopoiesis: production of formed elements of the blood
B. Erythrocyte Production
C. Leukocyte Production
D. Platelet Production
Functions and Properties of Blood
Functions and Properties of Blood: Blood is a vital liquid for most of living things. Has very critical funtions
A. Role of blood in respiration, nutrition, waste elimination, thermoregulation, immune defense, acid-base balance, water balance, and internal communication.
B. Blood: connective tissue with plasma and formed elements.
Hemolymph
What is Hemolymph ?
It is a fluid more or less equivalent to the blood on a functional level in some invertebrates. It circulates freely throughout the body while men circulates in the blood vessels (veins, for example).
Diastole
What is Diastole ? Blood movements in your body and heart blood pumping functions are very critical. As you know when someone under heart attack, blood sending and receiving process stop and cause to dead of the person.
Diastole phase is the expansion of the heart when its cavities are filled with new blood, prior to eject blood (called systole). Is determined by measuring blood pressure in both diastolic pressure and systolic pressure. To do this, it uses an inflatable cuff called "sphygmomanometer".
Diastole phase is the expansion of the heart when its cavities are filled with new blood, prior to eject blood (called systole). Is determined by measuring blood pressure in both diastolic pressure and systolic pressure. To do this, it uses an inflatable cuff called "sphygmomanometer".
Blood
Blood. One of the three important liquids of live. Blood , Water and sperm. Blood is basic important thing cause human and most of living things require blood.
Bloood fluid is circulating in the blood vessels. Blood is consisting of a liquid (plasma) in which bathe the figurative elements. The most important liquid organic which irrigates all organs, provides oxygen and nutrients and removes waste. Blood is composed of 55% plasma and 45% of cells, red blood cells, white cells and platelets.
Regulation of hematopoiesis
There is big number regulatory substances, hematopoietic factors, which may influence almost all phases of hemaotpoiesis.
Hematopoietic factors are members cytokine family.
Hematopoietic factors are released from hematopoietic, stromal and other cells and can interact through specific receptors with different types of cells and change their functional activity.
Better understanding of hematopoiesis would improve treatment of hematological diseases
blood in vertabrates and invertabrates
•In vertebrates, the circulating fluid, or blood is kept within a closed circulating system, whereas hemolymph is the circulating fluid of animals with open circulatory system, for example insect. •The coelomic fluid of some invertebrates also has a circulatorry role instead of blood. •The function of blood. •Respiratory pigments in blood. •Transport of nutrients •Circulate hormones •Blood clotting •İmmune reponses •Phagocytosis of dead cells and foreign materials •İmportant pH buffer system •Constituents of blood can confer antifreeze properties. •Heat exchange •Blood volume is 6% in cephalopod mollusks, 3-16% in vertebrates, and 30% or more in arthropods. •In animals having open circulatory system, the blood volume is only a fraction of the extracellular fluid volume but blood volume is only a fraction of the extracellular volume for animals with a closed circulatory system. •Hematocrit value Plasma volume, cell volume
Eosinophils
Eosinophils constitute only 1-4% of the circulating leukocytes in healthy adults. They may leave the bloodstream by diapedesis, spread out, and move about in the connective tissues. They are capable of only limited phagocytosis, showing a preference for antigen antibody complexes. The number of circulating eosinophils typically increases during allergic reactions and in response to parasitic infections and rapidly decreases in response to treatment with exogenous corticosteroids in blood.
COMPOSITION OF PLASMA
A. Water: Plasma contains 90% water by volume.
B. Solutes: Plasma contains 10% solutes by volume. These solutes include plasma proteins and other organic compounds as well as inorganic salts.
1. Plasma proteins. Plasma contains a rich variety of soluble proteins, 7% by volume. Important examples include: a. Albumin. This is the most abundant plasma protein (3.5-5 g/dL of blood) and is mainly responsible for maintaining the osmotic pressure of blood. B. Globulins. Alpha, beta, and gamma globulins are globular proteins dissolved in the plasma. The gamma globulins include the antibodies, or immunoglobulins, synthesized by plasma cells. c. Fibrinogen. This protein is converted by blood-borne enzymes into fibrin during clot formation. Fibrinogen is synthesized and secreted by the liver. 2. Other organic compounds. Other organic molecules in plasma, include nutrients such as amino acids and glucose, vitamins, and a variety of regulatory peptides, steroid hormones, and lipids. 3. Inorganic salts. Inorganic salts in plasma, 0.9% by volume, include blood electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium salts.
GENERAL FEATURES OF THE BLOOD
A. Two Divisions: Humans have a total blood volume of about 5 L (depending on body size). Blood is divisible into 2 parts, the formed elements, which include the blood cells and platelets, and the plasma, or liquid phase, in which the formed elements are suspended and in which a variety of important proteins, hormones, and other substances are dissolved.
B. Basic Cell Types: There are 2 basic types of blood cells, the erythrocytes, or red blood cells, and the leukocytes, or white blood cells.
C. Clotting: Outside the blood vessels, blood undergoes a complex reaction called clot formation or coagulation, which plays an important role in repairing damaged vessels and preventing blood loss.
D, Hematocrit: When anticoagulants (heparin, citrate, etc) are added, blood samples can be separated in a centrifuge into 3 major fractions. The erythrocytes constitute the densest fraction and end up at the bottom of the tube. The hematocrit is the percentage of packed erythrocytes per unit volume of blood. In adults, normal hematocrit values vary from 35 to 50% and are sex dependent. Leukocytes are less dense and less numerous (about 1 % Of blood volume) and form a thin white or grayish layer over the erythrocytes. On top is a thin layer of platelets. The least dense is the clear layer of plasma, which constitutes 42 47% of the blood.
E. Differential Cell Count: Blood is also studied by spreading a drop on a slide to produce a single layer of cells (blood smear). The cells are stained, differentiated by type, and counted to reveal disease-related changes in their relative numbers. The smears are usually stained with Romanovsky-type dye mixtures containing eosin and methylene blue.
F. Staining Properties: All of the descriptions of the staining properties of blood cells refer to their appearance after staining with Romanovsky-type mixtures leg, Wright's or Giemsa). Blood cells and their components exhibit 3 major staining properties that allow the cell types to be distinguished:
1. Basophilia is an affinity for methylene blue. Basophilic structures stain purple to black. 3. Eosinophilia, or acidophilia, is an affinity for eosin. Eosinophilic structures stain salmon pink to orange.
4. Neutrophilia is an affinity for a complex of dyes (originally thought to be neutral) in the mixture. Neutrophilic structures stain salmon pink to lilac.
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